2020. 5. 9. 08:00γμμ΄ π§‘ English/λ¬Έλ² Grammar
λ€μ΄κ°κΈ° μ μ ¨
1. Where do you like to travel?
2. Look at the picture. When you travel, do you ever bargain to get a better price?
3. Is it fair to try to get a lower price for an item, or is it better to pay the price the seller wants?
Advanced grammar Chapter 1
Present and Future time
νμ¬ μμ : μΌλ°μ μ΄κ±°λ μ§κΈμ λνλ λλ€.
Present time : In general or Now
λ¨μ νμ¬ Simple present : μΌλ°μ μΈ μΌ, κ·μΉμ μΌλ‘ νμ μΌμ΄λλ μΌ, μκ°ν, μΌλ°μ μ¬μ€, κ³Όνμ μ§λ¦¬ λ±
Tourists often spend a lot of money.
νμ¬ μ§νν Present progress : νμ¬ μ§νλκ³ μλ λͺ¨μμ λνλ λλ€. λμ¬μ λμμ΄ μμ§μ΄κ³ μλ μνλ₯Ό λ§νμ£ .
A tourist is looking for a souvenir.
μ°¨μ΄μ :
λ¨μ νμ¬λ νμ μΌμ΄λλ μΌμ΄κΈ° λλ¬Έμ κ΅³μ΄ μ§νμΌλ‘ μ°μ§ μμ΅λλ€.
νμ¬ μ§ννμ νμ¬ μ§νμ΄ λκ³ μλ μΌμ΄κ³ , κ·Έ λμμ΄ λλλ©΄ λμ΄μ μ§νλμ§ μμ£ .
λ°λΌμ λ¨μ νμ¬λ³΄λ€ νμ¬μ§ννμ΄ λ μ§§κ² μΌμ΄λλ μΌμ λλ€.
νμ¬μλ£μμ : κ³Όκ±°μμλΆν° μ§κΈκΉμ§ μΌμ΄λκ³ μλ μΌ
Present perfect time : From a time in the past until now
νμ¬ μλ£ Present perfect - κ³Όκ±°μ μ΄λ μμ μ μΌμ΄λ μΌμ΄ μ΄λ μμ κΉμ§ κ³μ λμ΄μμμ μλ―Έν©λλ€.
λμμ΄ λλ¬μ μλ μκ³ κ³μ λκ³ μμ μλ μμ΅λλ€. νμ§λ§ νμ¬κΉμ§ κ·Έ νλμ΄ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ¨μ λ§ν©λλ€.
μλ£(just, yet, already), κ²½ν(ever, never, once, twice, ~times), κ³μ(since/for), κ²°κ³Ό
κ²½ν
We have visited 11 countries so far.
λ μ§κΈκΉμ§ 11κ°κ΅μ λ°©λ¬Έν΄ λ΄€μ΄.
I've been in America three times.
λλ λ―Έκ΅μ 3λ² κ° λ΄€λ€.
κ²°κ³Ό
I have lost my iphone.
λ μμ΄ν° μμ΄λ²λ Έμ΄. (μ§κΈκΉμ§ μμ)
μλ£
I've just finished my science homework.
λ°©κΈ κ³Όνμμ λλμ΄.
κ³μ
I've taught English for 5 years.
λλ 5λ λμ μμ΄λ₯Ό κ°λ₯΄μ³€λ€. (κ°λ₯΄μ³ μλ€)
νμ¬μλ£ μ§ν - κ³Όκ±°μμλΆν° μ§κΈκΉμ§ κ³μ λκ³ μλ μνλ₯Ό λ§νλ©°, νμ¬μλ£μ κ³μμ μ©λ²κ³Ό κ°μ μλ―Έλ‘ λ°κΏμΈ μ μμ΅λλ€.
μ£Όμ΄ + have/has + been + λμ¬-ing
We've been traveling for three weeks.
μ°λ¦¬λ 3μ£Όλμ μ¬ννκ³ μλ€.
νμ¬μλ£ μ§νμ μΈ μ μλ λμ¬λ€μ΄ μμΌλ μ£Όμν΄μΌ ν©λλ€.
These "stative" verbs are about state, not action, and they cannot express the continuous or progressive aspect.
- feeling: hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
- senses: appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
- communication: agree, deny, disagree, mean, promise, satisfy, surprise
- thinking: believe, imagine, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, understand
- other states: be, belong, concern, depend, involve, matter, need, owe, own, possess
λ―Έλμμ : λ―Έλμ μλ μκ°, μμ§ μΌμ΄λμ§ μμμ§λ§ λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ μΌ.
Future time : A time in the future
λ¨μ λ―Έλ
Simple future
μ£Όμ΄ + will / be going to + λμ¬μν
Will - μ§κΈ κ²°μ ν μ¬ν, λ§μ°νκ² λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ μΌ
Be going to - μ‘°κΈ λ κ³νμ μΈ μΌ
You'll (You will) like the hotel.
λλ κ·Έ νΈν μ μ’μν κ±°μΌ.
I'm going to go to a movie at 5.
λ 5μμ μνλ³΄λ¬ κ°κ±°μΌ.
λ―Έλ μ§ν - λ―Έλμ μ§νλκ³ μμ μΌμ μμν©λλ€.
Future progressive
μ£Όμ΄ + Will be + λμ¬μν-ing
A week from now, you'll be relaxing in the sun.
μΌμ£ΌμΌ λ€μ, λλ νλΉμ μ¬λ©° μ¬κ³ μμκ±°μΌ.
λ¨μ νμ¬ - κ°κΉμ΄ λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ μΌμ λ¨μ νμ¬λ‘λ μλλ€. νμ§λ§ μ΄ λλ μκ°μ νμ§λ₯Ό μ¨ μ€μΌ ν©λλ€.
Simple Present
μ£Όμ΄ + λμ¬ νμ¬ν
The tour starts tomorrow at 4:00 p.m.
κ·Έ μ¬νμ λ΄μΌ μ€ν 4μμ μμλ©λλ€.
νμ¬ μ§ν - νμ¬ μΌμ΄λκ³ μλ μΌ λ§κ³ λ, κ°κΉμ΄ λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ μΌμ μκΈ°ν λλ μλλ€.
Present Progressive
μ£Όμ΄ + be λμ¬ + λμ¬μν-ing
We're visiting our friends later this summer.
μ΄λ² μ¬λ¦ λ§μ μ°λ¦¬λ μΉκ΅¬λ€μ λ°©λ¬Έν κ²μ λλ€.
νμ§λ§,
going μ΄λ κ°μ΄ μ°μ΄λ©΄ μ§κΈ κ°κ³ μλμ§, κ° κ²μΈμ§ ν·κ°λ¦΄ λκ° μμ΄μ.
be going to λλ¬Έμ΄μμ.
νμ¬μ§νμμ toλ 'μ΄λλ‘' κ°λμ§λ₯Ό λνλ΄λ μ μΉμ¬ μ΄κ³ μ,
λ―Έλμμ μμ toλ λμ¬λ₯Ό λνλ΄λ λ§μ λλ€.
I'm going to school now.
I'm going to study English afternoon.
λ―Έλ μλ£ : λ―Έλμ μλ£λ μΌμ λνλ λλ€.
Future perfect
will have + κ³Όκ±°λΆμ¬ past participle
We'll have arrived by 4:00p.m.
μ°λ¦¬λ 4μκΉμ§ λμ°©ν κ²μ λλ€.
λ―Έλ μλ£ μ§ν : λ―ΈλλΆν° λ―Έλμ μ΄λ μμ κΉμ§ κ³μ μ§νλ κ²μμ λ§ν©λλ€.
Future perfect progressive
μ£Όμ΄ + will have been λμ¬-ing
We will have been flying for hours by then.
μ°λ¦¬λ κ·Έ λκΉμ§ λͺ μκ°λμ λΉνμ€μΌ κ²μ΄λ€.
Grammar Notes
1. λ¨μ νμ¬λ λ³΄ν΅ μ¬μ€μ΄λ κ·μΉμ μΌλ‘ νΉμ κ΄μ΅μ μΌλ‘ μΌμ΄λλ νλ, μ¬κ±΄ νΉμ μνλ₯Ό λνλ΄λ λ§μ λλ€.
Use the simple present to show actions, events, or states that are true in general or happen habitually.
Vendors work long hours. (true in real)
νμμΈλ€μ μ€λ μκ°λμ μΌν©λλ€.
We spend every August at the beach. (habitual)
μ°λ¦¬λ 맀λ 8μμ ν΄λ³μμ 보λ λλ€.
λν, μ°λ¦¬λ λ¨μ νμ¬λ₯Ό μμ°¨μ μΌλ‘ μ¬κ±΄μ μμ ν λλ μλλ€.
We also use the simple present to narrate events in sequence.
A tourist finds a beautiful dress and asks how much it costs.
μ¬νκ°μ μλ¦λ€μ΄ μνΌμ€λ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³ κ·Έ κ²μ΄ μΌλ§μΈμ§ 묻μ΅λλ€. (λ³΄ν΅ μλ μΌ)
2. νμ¬ μ§νμ μ¬κ±΄μ΄λ νλμ΄ κ·Έ μκ°μ μ§νλκ³ μμμ λ§ν©λλ€. (λλμ§ μκ³ κ³μλκ³ μμ)
Use the present progressive to show actions or events that are in progress at the moment. (not finished)
A tourist is admiring the rugs. (right now)
ν μ¬νκ°μ΄ μνμλ₯Ό λ³΄κ³ κ°ννκ³ μμ΅λλ€.
μ£Όμ* non- action verbsμ ν¨κ» μΈ μ μμ΅λλ€.
- feeling: hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
- senses: appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
- communication: agree, deny, disagree, mean, promise, satisfy, surprise
- thinking: believe, imagine, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, understand
- other states: be, belong, concern, depend, involve, matter, need, owe, own, possess
3. νμ¬μλ£μ νμ¬μλ£ μ§νμ κ³Όκ±°μ νμ¬λ₯Ό μ°κ²°ν©λλ€. κ³Όκ±°λΆν° νμ¬κΉμ§ μ§νλκ³ μμμ λνλΌ λ μ¬μ©ν©λλ€. νμ¬κΉμ§ μν₯μ μ£Όλ μνλ νλλ€μ λνλ λλ€.
The present perfect and the present perfect progressive connect that past and the present. Use them to show actions and states that began in the past and continue until now.
κ³Όκ±°μ μμλ μΌμ΄ νμ¬κΉμ§ μ΄μ΄μ§ λ, λ¨μ κ³Όκ±°λ μ§ννμΌλ‘ μΈ μ μμ΅λλ€.
- for + amount of time - μΌλ§ λμ ν΄ μλ€.
- since + period - μ΄λ μμ λΆν° ν΄ μλ€.
Bargaining has existed for centuries.
ν₯μ νλ κ²μ λͺ μΈκΈ°λμ κ³μ μ‘΄μ¬ν΄ μμ΅λλ€.
She's been writing her travel column since 1997.
κ·Έλ λ κ·Έλ μ μ¬ν μΉΌλΌμ 1997λ λΆν° μ¨ μ€κ³ μμ΅λλ€.
I've been here for three months now.
λλ 3λ¬λμ μ¬κΈ°μ μμ΄ μμ΅λλ€. (3λ¬λμ λ¨Έλ¬Όκ³ μλ€.)
I'm her fore three months now. (X)
4. κ³Όκ±°λΆν° μ§κΈκΉμ§ μΌμ΄λ¬λλΌλ νλμ΄ λλ¬λ€λ©΄, νμ¬μλ£λ₯Ό μλλ€.
νμ¬μλ£μ§νμ νλμ΄ μ§νλκ³ μμ λλ§ μλλ€.
Use the present perfect to descrive completed actions with a connection to the present. (not progressive)
I've visited Italy five times.
λλ μ΄ν리μλ₯Ό 5λ² λ°©λ¬Ένλ€.
I've been visiting Italy five times. (X)
5. νμ¬μλ£μ§νμ νλμ΄ λλμ§ μμκ±°λ, μΌμμ μΌλ‘ μΌμ΄λ¬μμ λνλ λλ€.
Use the present perfect progressive to show that an action with a connection to the present is unfinished or temporary.
They've been touring Italy.
(They're still touring.)
μ°λ¦¬λ μ΄ν리μλ₯Ό μ¬ννκ³ μμ΅λλ€.
He's been studying in Boston but will soon return home.
κ·Έλ 보μ€ν΄μμ 곡λΆνκ³ μμ§λ§, 곧 μ§μ λμμ¬ κ²μ λλ€.
6. will κ³Ό be going toλ λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ μκ°νλ κ²μ λ§ν λ μ¬μ©ν©λλ€.
Use will or be going to to say what you think will happen in the future.
willμ μ¨μΌλ§ ν λ : κ³ννμ§ μμ λ―Έλμ μΌμ λνλΌ λ
Be going toλ₯Ό μ¨μΌλ§ ν λ : λ―Έλμ μνκ° μ΄λ―Έ κ³νλκ³ μκ±°λ κ³νν μΌμΌ λ
Use will to express an unplanned future action.
Use be going to to talk about a future situation that is planned or already developing.
I think I'll enjoy the trip.
I think I am going to enjoy the trip.
λλ κ·Έ μ¬νμ μ¦κΈΈ κ² κ°μμ.
Call me next week. Maybe I'll be free.
λ€μ μ£Όμ μ νν΄. μλ§ λ μκ°μ΄ μμκ±°μΌ.
I'm going to be free. (X)
We're going to take our vacation in June this year.
We'll take our vacation in June this year. (X)
μ°λ¦¬λ μ¬ν΄ 6μμ λ°©νμ΄ μμ κ²μ λλ€.
7. λ―Έλμ§ννμ λ―Έλμ μ΄λ μκ°μ μ΄λ ν νλμ΄ μ§νλκ³ μμμ μ€λͺ ν λ μλλ€.
Use will in the progressive to describe an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
Next week at this time we'll be climbing Kilimanjaro.
λ€μ μ£Ό μ΄λ§λμ―€μ μ°λ¦¬λ ν¬λ¦¬λ§μλ‘λ₯Ό λ±λ°νκ³ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.
λΉκ²©μμΌλ‘ λ―Έλμ§ννμ λ―Έλμ λͺ©μ μ λνλΌ λ μλλ€.
We often use the future progressive informally to talk about a future intention.
We'll be visiting Florence on our Italy trip.
μ°λ¦¬λ μ°λ¦¬μ μ΄ν리μ μ¬νμμ νλ‘λμ€μ λ°©λ¬Ένκ³ μμ κ²μ λλ€.
8. νμ¬μ§ννμ μ΄λ―Έ μμ λ λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ νλμ λν΄ μ΄μΌκΈ° ν λ μλλ€.
You can use the present progressive to talk about a future action or even that has already been arranged.
We're traveling to France in August. We already have our tickets.
μ°λ¦¬λ 8μμ νλμ€λ₯Ό μ¬νν κ²μ λλ€. μ°λ¦¬λ μ΄λ―Έ ν°μΌλ μμ΄μ.
9. λ¨μ νμ¬λ μ€μΌμ€μ΄λ μκ°νμ ν λΆλΆμΈ μ¬κ±΄μ΄λ μν, νλμ΄ λ―Έλμ μΌμ΄λ μΌμμ λνλΌ λλ μλλ€.
You can use the simple present to talk about a future action, state, or event that is part of a schedule or timetable.
We leave on Sunday at 8:00pm.
μ°λ¦¬λ μΌμμΌ μ€ν 8μμ λ λ©λλ€.
The plane arrives in Rome at 8:30am.
κ·Έ λΉνκΈ°λ 8μ 30λΆμ λ‘λ§μ λμ°©ν©λλ€.
10. λ κ°μ λΆλ¦¬λ λ―Έλμ νλμ, λ 립μ μ will κ³Ό be going toλ₯Ό μ°κ³ , λΉλ 립μ μ νμ¬νμ μλλ€.
- μκ°μ λνλ΄λ λΆμ¬μ (while, when, before, after)μμλ νμ¬λ§ μ°κ³ λ―Έλνμ μ μλλ€.
To talk about two separate actions in the future, use will or be going to in the independent clause, and the simple present in the dependent clause.
οΏΌ
We'll rent a car [when we get to Italy.]
λ 립μ [λΉλ 립μ ]
11. λ―Έλμλ£λ λ―Έλμ μ΄λ μμ μ΄μ μ κ·Έ μΌμ΄ μΌμ΄λ κ²μμ λ§ν λ μ¬μ©ν©λλ€. μ§ννμμλ λ―Έλμλ£λ₯Ό μΈ μ μμΌλ©°, λ³΄ν΅ byλ by the timeκ³Ό ν¨κ» μλλ€.
Use the future perfect to show an action, state, or event that will happen before a certain time in the future.
You can also use the future perfect in the progressive.
We often use the future perfect with by and by the time.
By the end of our trip, we will have seen a lot of wonderful things.
μ°λ¦¬μ μ¬νμ΄ λλ λ¬΄λ ΅μλ, μ°λ¦¬λ λ§μ κ΅μ₯ν κ²λ€μ λ΄€μ κ±°μΌ.
By the end of the summer, we'll have been traveling for several weeks.
μ¬λ¦μ΄ λλ λ¬΄λ ΅μλ, μ°λ¦¬λ λͺ μ£Ό λμ μ¬ννκ³ μμκ±°μΌ.
By the time we finish our trip, we'll have visited 8 countries.
μ°λ¦¬μ μ¬νμ΄ λλ μ―€μλ, μ°λ¦¬λ 8κ°κ΅μ λ°©λ¬Ένμκ±°μΌ.
'μμ΄ π§‘ English > λ¬Έλ² Grammar' μΉ΄ν κ³ λ¦¬μ λ€λ₯Έ κΈ
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